The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism was initially an anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the diaspora in the late 19th century. Its aims have evolved through the ensuing decades. Pan-Africanism has covered calls for African unity (both as a continent and as a people), nationalism, independence, political and economic cooperation, and historical and cultural awareness (especially for Afrocentric versus Eurocentric interpretations). History of Pan-Africanism Some claim that Pan-Africanism goes back to the writings of ex-slaves such as Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano. Pan-Africanism here related to the ending of the slave trade, and the need to rebut the scientific claims of African inferiority. For Pan-Africanists, such as Edward Wilmot Blyden, part of the call for African unity was to return the diaspora to Africa, whereas others, such as Frederick Douglass, called for rights in their adopted countries. Blyden and James Africanus Beale Horton, working in Africa, are seen as the true fathers of Pan-Africanism, writing about the potential for African nationalism and self-government amidst growing European colonialism. They, in turn, inspired a new generation of Pan-Africanists at the turn of the twentieth century, including  JE Casely Hayford, and Martin Robinson Delany (who coined the phrase Africa for Africans later picked up by Marcus Garvey). African Association and Pan-African Congresses Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference held, again in London, in 1900. Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the whole of the African diaspora  and gaining political rights for those of African descent. Others were more concerned with the struggle against colonialism and Imperial rule in Africa and the Caribbean.  Dusà © Mohamed Ali, for example, believed that change could only come through economic development. Marcus Garvey combined the two paths, calling for political and economic gains as well as a return to Africa, either physically or through a return to an Africanized ideology. Between the World Wars, Pan-Africanism was influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aimà © Cà ©saire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded out beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas. W.E.B. Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. Also between the two World Wars, Africas two main colonial powers, France and Britain, attracted a younger group of Pan-Africanists: Aimà © Cà ©saire, Là ©opold Sà ©dar Senghor, Cheikh Anta Diop, and Ladipo Solanke. As student activists, they gave rise to Africanist philosophies such as Nà ©gritude. International Pan-Africanism had probably reached its zenith by the end of World War II when W.E.B Du Bois held the fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester in 1945. African Independence After World War II, Pan-Africanist interests once more returned to the African continent, with a particular focus on African unity and liberation. A number of leading Pan-Africanists, particularly George Padmore and W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasized their commitment to Africa by emigrating (in both cases to Ghana) and becoming African citizens. Across the continent, a new group of Pan-Africanists arose amongst the nationalists—Kwame Nkrumah, Sà ©kou Ahmed Tourà ©, Ahmed Ben Bella, Julius Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta, Amilcar Cabral, and Patrice Lumumba. In 1963, the Organization of African Unity was formed to advance cooperation and solidarity between newly independent African countries and fight against colonialism. In an attempt to revamp the organization, and move away from it being seen as an alliance of African dictators, it was re-imagined in July 2002 as the African Union. Modern Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism today is seen much more as a cultural and social philosophy than the politically driven movement of the past. People, such as Molefi Kete Asante, hold to the importance of ancient Egyptian and Nubian cultures being part of a (black) African heritage and seek a re-evaluation of Africas place, and the diaspora, in the world. Sources Adi, Hakim and Sherwood, Marika. Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. Routledge. 2003.Ali, A. Mazrui. and Currey, James. General History of Africa: VIII Africa Since 1935. 1999.Reid, Richard J. A History of Modern Africa. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009.Rothermund, Dietmar. The Routledge Companion to Decolonization. Routledge. 2006.

Why Everybody Is Wrong About Definition Essay Topics List

Why Everybody Is Wrong About Definition Essay Topics List Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Definition Essay Topics List Doing this, you'll certainly find your ideal essay title easily and faster. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. You've approached the last portion of your essay. To begin with, if you're writing definition essay you will need to decide on a topic which will be interesting. In our article, you will find lots of tips for definition essays writing. There are an infinite number of approaches to start an essay effectively. Always remember an ideal persuasive essay ought to be persuasive. Among the many types of essay, there's a definition essay that could appear to be among the most simple assignments. Definition Essay Topics List - Is it a Scam? College application essay topics are an essential portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. More than that, you have to be interested in it, otherwise your essay isn't likely to be remarkable whatsoever. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Our essay writing service will assist you with any assignment. What's Really Going on with Definition Essay Topics List It would be great if you had your private expertise in the issue you are likely to define. Clearly, great definition essay topics are the ones which you've got a whole lot of knowledge about or the ones with a certain connection to your experience. If you're or know someone who's depressed get assist. If you need assistance with a definition essay, or just do not have a sufficient amount of time to write it all on your own, no worries! Because of the reasons explained above, happiness means a good deal from several perspectives. You will need to set up facts, possess the confidence and demonstrate the obvious evidence of your private viewpoint to certain phenomenon. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of an excellent cause and effect essay topic. The ordinary definition of happiness is that it's a state of outstanding well-being and it's an intense emotion. You will need to supply excellent links in all pieces of the essay. Additionally, you can capture reader attention with the assistance of funny essay topics. While every section of an essay is essential, it's important to remember it is in the introduc tion where readers get to determine whether they ought to be reading the remainder of your composition or not. If you're writing a definition essay and on the lookout for some sample titles to use consider these examples. Your definition can achieve more credibility if it's possible to think of a supposed test which makes certain that your evaluation of the topic is accurate. From the above it looks like very simple. So, the ideal start would be to interpret this kind of assignment for a definition essay to be able to define and understand its features that have to be preserved. If you wish to create a prosperous paper, you have to pick an intriguing topic for your upcoming work. The author has to make certain they possess the very best start for the paper to keep the readers going further in the text. Very often it becomes tough to choose 1 topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. To start with, your key to winning essay is a very clear comprehension of what it is you're likely to handle. Definition essay is used to refer to a particular term or the meaning related to it. It helps to find another meaning for things from the past, so we could make our future better. Excellent definition essay topics have all the characteristics. Topics for definition essays should be chosen carefully, and needs a term that should be defined. To acquire the maximum grade for your essay, you need not just to fill it with pertinent info and dependable facts or examples from your own personal life. It is possible to locate a lot of information about words nowadays, all you will need is an online connection. Don't neglect to check the access to resources the topics that you consider. Another illustration of our efficiency can be viewed in both the speedy email shipping service that we use and the simple fact that we've got a 24 seven customer support support, which is not simply helpful throughout the pro cedure but also suggests you could begin immediately. Type of Definition Essay Topics List Your analysis of the topic should be thorough and it should go past the obvious. As usual, in concluding section you've got to sum up the key points of your argument but in various words. In the event you can't figure out how to decide on the topic yourself, don't get upset too soon. Take notes concerning all prospective topics it is possible to consider. Sometimes people can't just begin writing their essay without looking at a whole illustration of somebody else, seeing the structure and the way it's written. Make certain you're really interested in the matter, because otherwise you will have no confidence, which is a significant aspect when convincing somebody. You should bear in mind that most physical object has definitions that are similar for most people, and so you will write about something, that usually don't have another opinion. It's inevitable, in the feeling that, people have a spot in everybody's heart that eventually they may trust that person. What to Do About Definition Essay Topics List Before It Is Too Late Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. When you are just about to write a lengthy essay on Modesty'' first of all you want to know the expression modesty from assorted perspectives. When writing your essay keep in mind that you ought to know much regarding the concept you're defining. Occasionally it's easiest to begin at the start and compose the introduction first. You should pay attention to each detail when you are opting for a topic! Since you may see, there isn't anything complicated about explaining the meanings o f unique words.

Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children Free Essays

During early modern Europe, children were viewed in many different ways which changed how parents chose to raise their children. During the 1500’s, the mortality rates for children were high, therefore children were viewed as if they were adults and very precious if they survived, many people believed that they needed to treat children harshly to make them strong. In the 1600’s, children were raised tenderly as they were rational beings that could use reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children were viewed in many ways during early modern Europe to be rational, precious, and in need of guidance where these views determined the parents’ choice in child rearing to behaving harshly to kind guidance. Society sought for guidance for their children in a very caring way. In a letter Martin Luther, a leader of the Protestant Reformation in the 1500’s, it is written that his thirteen year old daughter had just died and that he is very disheartened by the loss. He loves his respectful daughter. As a father and leader of the protestant reformation, Luther is disheartened at his daughter’s loss, but he loves and respects God taking her away (Doc 2). A common stereotype about women is their personalities and perceptions toward children. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family’s welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic. Margaret Cavendish, a duchess, a scientist, and a philosopher expresses her sincerity and is apprehensive of how society should treat children to help them reach their potential (Doc 9). Through the knowledge of a philosophe, Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought that it would be best if you let children make their own decisions, because they will be stubborn if you try to stop them (Doc 12). Children’s Games, by Pieter Brueghel, displays the children absorbed in their games with the seriousness displayed by adults in their apparently more important pursuits (Doc 5). Another way people taught their children was through reasoning. Christoph Scheurl believed children are a great reward. He is biased though because he has a son himself and knows of the emotional attachment and bond bearing a child creates, he speaks with only gratitude and expresses his love of his child (Doc 1). Theoretically speaking though, Jean Benedicti â€Å"obligates the child to obey under pain of mortal sin. † Being a preacher, he expects a child to honor God and obey his wisdom (Doc 7). This follows the same circumstances stated in document 10. The English Catholic Gentleman expects highly of his daughter to have reliance on God and help her understand to make her amends to confess her sins to God. John Locke, a philosopher who wrote â€Å"Two Treasies on Government† writes that a person must reason with children to their capacity of understanding. As a member of the Enlightenment, Locke believes people are rational and tabula rasa (blank slates) where they can be taught what to do. Changing ideas of the1600’s into the enlightenment allowed for parents to treat children kindly and rationally (Doc 11). Although some parents taught their children in a kind manner beneficial for the child, some punished their children by putting a negative impact on their well-being. As depicted in document 3, it states that if a man truly cares about his child, he will whip him occasionally to make a man out of him. Generally, Russian households of the 17th century were harsh conditions to live under, therefore the nobility expected harsh discipline as a means to better their children. Michel de Montaigne expresses his opinion on children in a very different way though. He shows absolutely no passion or love for children. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal contemplations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation (Doc 6). In an autobiography, Benevenuto Cellini, a metal crafter and sculptor, writes that he visited his son that was born out of wedlock and abruptly left the boy crying as he didn’t want Cellini to leave. Since Cellini’s child was born out of wedlock, he will be treated harshly and will be shunned as accustomed of the 1500’s (Doc 4). As for Henry IV, he was whipped as a child. In a letter to the governess Madame de Montglat, Henry commands her to whip his six year old son every time he misbehaves. Whipping children was common for people to do during the 1500’s. As king of France, Henry IV wants his son to be strong when he heirs. He believes whipping him will make him a better person. Children were treated in different ways due to the accepted ideas and attitudes of the time from serfdom, the religion, the mortality rates and the Enlightenment. Being the precious gifts from God, children were being treated kindly and also harshly as they were objects as well. Different views of children and raising procedures change throughout history due to changes in secular ideas and different cultural movements. How to cite Dbq Essay-European History-Assumptions on Children, Essays